![]() ![]() It is the presence of the GMF that, through the magnetosphere, protects the Earth, together with its biosphere, from the solar wind deflecting most of its charged particles ( Occhipinti et al., 2014). ![]() It is mainly produced by the dynamo action of turbulent flows in the fluid metallic outer core of the planet, while little is due to external MFs located in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere ( Qamili et al., 2013). Most of the MF observed at the Earth's surface has an internal origin. The MF strength at the Earth's surface ranges from less than 30 μT in an area including most of South America and South Africa (the so called south Atlantic anomaly) to almost 70 μT around the magnetic poles in northern Canada and south of Australia, and in part of Siberia ( Occhipinti et al., 2014). The dimension of the “magnetic flux” (φ) in SI units is Weber (Wb) (φ = Tm 2 = Wb).
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